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What Was the Name of the First Facility Where the Ten Boom Family Was Sent? Quizlet

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Civil jet aircraft used by companies

Over 2,000 Cessna CitationJets have been delivered, making information technology the most popular line of business jets.[one]

A business organization jet, individual jet, or bizjet is a jet aircraft designed for transporting small groups of people. Business jets may be adjusted for other roles, such as the evacuation of casualties or express parcel deliveries, and some are used by public bodies, government officials or the armed forces.

History [edit]

Early developments [edit]

The beginning small jet-powered civil aircraft was the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris, developed privately in the early 1950s from the MS.755 Fleuret two-seat jet trainer. First flown in 1954, the MS.760 Paris differs from subsequent business organization jets in having only 4 seats arranged in two rows without a centre aisle, similar to a calorie-free aircraft, nether a big sliding canopy similar to that of a fighter. A U.South. blazon document was awarded in July 1958, but commercial sales were limited, with most examples going to the war machine; an improved ceremonious version similar to a modernistic very low-cal jet, with a half dozen-seat enclosed cabin and a conventional door, never proceeded past the prototype stage.[ii] The commercial failure of the MS.760 Paris prompted the counterfoil of projects by Cessna and Douglas Aircraft to market like jets.[iii]

The development of middle-aisle cabin business jets was accelerated by an August 1956 Usa Air Forcefulness (USAF) alphabetic character of the requirement for two "off-the-shelf" shipping: the larger UCX (cargo) and smaller UTX (trainer). These requirements differed from standard Air Force procurement contracts in that there would be no formal competitions, and manufacturers were expected to develop the aircraft without government funds; despite this, a substantial USAF purchase would kickoff the large investment necessary to develop prototypes. The Lockheed Corporation and McDonnell Aircraft both began the development of UCX aircraft, while North American Aviation pursued the UTX requirement.[3] [four]

1950s first flying [edit]

The Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris had a gross weight of vii,650 pounds (iii.47 t), initially powered by two Turboméca Marboré turbojets of 880 pounds-force (3.ix kN) thrust, although most aircraft were after upgraded to 1,058 pounds-strength (4.71 kN) units. The shipping seated a single pilot and upwardly to three passengers under a sliding canopy and was first flown on 29 July 1954. 219 were congenital.

The Lockheed JetStar, designed to meet USAF UCX requirements and seating ten passengers and two crew, showtime flew on 4 September 1957. A total of 204 aircraft were produced from 1957 to 1978 powered by several different engines; 4 3,300 pounds-strength (15 kN) Pratt & Whitney JT12 turbojets, then Garrett TFE731 turbofans for a 44,500 pounds (20.two t) MTOW, so 2 Full general Electric CF700 turbofans.

The smaller, 17,760 pounds (8.06 t) MTOW North American Sabreliner, tailored to the USAF UTX requirement, starting time flew on xvi September 1958. Powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT12 turbojet engines so Garrett TFE731s, more than than 800 were produced from 1959 to 1982.

Designed in 1957 for the UCX requirement, the McDonnell 119 was delayed by the cancellation of the Fairchild J83 engine plan, and kickoff flew on xi February 1959 powered by iv Westinghouse J34 turbojets. The 119 was certified for a 45,328 pounds (20.6 t) MTOW with four Pratt & Whitney JT12 or General Electric CF700 engines, but no firm orders were received, and simply the unmarried paradigm was completed.[v]

1960s first flight [edit]

The 25,000 pounds (eleven t) MTOW British Aerospace 125 offset flew on 13 August 1962 as the de Havilland DH.125, powered by 2 3,000 pounds-force (13 kN) Armstrong Siddeley Viper turbojets. Its engines were replaced by Garrett TFE731s, then Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300 turbofans. Almost one,700 aircraft of all variants, including the Hawker 800, were produced between 1962 and 2013.

The Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander, which afterwards became the IAI Westwind, beginning flew on 27 January 1963, powered by two General Electric CJ610 turbojets, then Garrett TFE731s. Product of Jet Commanders and Westwinds from 1965 to 1987 came to 442 aircraft; and it was developed equally the IAI Astra, later re-branded every bit the Gulfstream G100.

The 29,000 pounds (13 t) MTOW Dassault Falcon twenty get-go flew on iv May 1963, powered by 2 General Electric CF700s, then Garrett ATF3 turbofans and Garrett TFE731s. A full of 508 were congenital from 1963 to 1988, and information technology is the basis of the Dassault Falcon family.

The first low-cal jet first flew on 7 Oct 1963 : the Learjet 23. Powered past ii 2,850 pounds-force (12.7 kN) Full general Electric CJ610s, its 12,500 pounds (five.7 t) MTOW complies with FAR Part 23 regulations. The starting time member of the Learjet family, 104 were built between 1962 and 1966.

The forward fly sweep, 20,280 pounds (9.xx t) MTOW Hamburger Flugzeugbau HFB 320 Hansa Jet first flew on 21 April 1964, powered by two General Electric CJ610s; 47 were built between 1965 and 1973. The joint Piaggo-Douglas, 18,000 pounds (8.2 t) MTOW Piaggio PD.808 first flew on 29 August 1964, powered by two Armstrong Siddeley Vipers, 24 were congenital for the Italian Air Force.

On 2 October 1966 the beginning large business jet commencement flew, the 65,500 pounds (29.7 t) MTOW Grumman Gulfstream II, powered past two 11,400 pounds-strength (51 kN) Rolls-Royce Spey turbofans. From 1967 to the late 70s, 258 were built and information technology led to the ongoing Gulfstream Aerospace long range family.

The 11,850 pounds (5.38 t) MTOW Cessna Citation I first flew on 15 September 1969, powered by two 2,200 pounds-force (9.eight kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D turbofans. Produced betwixt 1969 and 1985 for a full of 689 examples, information technology is the showtime of the Cessna Citation family.

1970s starting time flying [edit]

The trijet Dassault Falcon 50 fabricated its showtime flight on seven November 1976. The 40,000 pounds (18 t) MTOW plane is powered past three 3,700 pounds-force (16 kN) TFE731 engines. With the cross-section of the Falcon twenty, information technology is the basis of the larger Falcon 900.

On viii November 1978, the prototype Canadair Challenger took off. The 43,000–48,000 pounds (20–22 t) MTOW craft, usually powered by two ix,200 pounds-strength (41 kN) Full general Electric CF34s, formed the basis of the long range Bombardier Global Limited family and of the Bombardier CRJ regional airliners. The 1000th Challenger entered service in 2015.

On 30 May 1979 the all-new 22,000 pounds (10.0 t) MTOW Cessna Citation Iii took off for the beginning fourth dimension, powered by ii 3,650 pounds-force (xvi.2 kN) TFE731s.

The Mitsubishi MU-300 Diamond made its first flying on 29 August 1978. The 16,100 pounds (vii.3 t) MTOW jet was powered by two 2,900 pounds-strength (13 kN) JT15D. The pattern was later sold and was renamed Beechjet 400 then Hawker 400, with a full of 950 produced of all variants.

1980s first flight [edit]

The 1980s only saw the introduction of derivatives and no major new designs. Also in that location was an advent of fractional buying in the tardily 1980s for business jets.[6] For much of the 1980s, sales of new aircraft slumped.[7]

1990s kickoff flight [edit]

On 29 April 1991, the Cessna CitationJet was first flown. Powered by two 1,900 pounds-strength (8.5 kN) Williams FJ44 engines, the x,500 lb (4.eight t) light jet used a modified Citation Two fuselage with a new wing and tail, and was after developed into the CJ series and M2, ultimately replacing the Citation I, Citation Two and Citation Five series. The ii,000th CitationJet was delivered in 2017.

The showtime flight of the all-new Learjet 45 was on 7 October 1995. All of the 642 aircraft congenital since and so have been powered by 2 iii,500 pounds-forcefulness (xvi kN) TFE731 engines.

Powered by two 2,300 pounds-strength (10 kN) Williams FJ44s, the 12,500 pounds (5.7 t) Beechcraft Premier I light jet made its commencement flying on 22 December 1998. Nearly 300 had been fabricated before production stopped in 2013.

2000s first flying [edit]

In the opposite mode compared to Bombardier, which adult airliners from a business jet, Embraer derived the Legacy 600 from the Embraer ERJ family of regional jet airliners. Powered by two 8,800 pounds-strength (39.2 kN) Rolls-Royce AE 3007s, the outset flight of the 50,000 pounds (22.5 t) aircraft was on 31 March 2001.

On 14 August 2001, the Bombardier Challenger 300 made its first flight. The 38,850 pounds (17.62 t) shipping is powered past two half-dozen,825 pounds-forcefulness (30.36 kN) HTF7000s. The 500th case was delivered in 2015.

The first very lite jet, the v,950 pounds (2.70 t) MTOW Eclipse 500, took off for the first time on 26 August 2002, powered by two 900 pounds-force (4.0 kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600s. Betwixt then and the end of production in 2008, 260 were produced.

Another new small jet, the 10,701 pounds (4.854 t) Honda HA-420 HondaJet, first flew on 3 December 2003 powered by 2 2,050 pounds-force (nine.1 kN) GE Honda HF120 engines mounted in a higher place the wing in a configuration unique amongst business jets. Equally of March 2020, 150 had been delivered.

Information technology was followed by the 8,645 pounds (three.921 t) MTOW Cessna Citation Mustang on 23 April 2005, powered past two 1,460 pounds-force (6.5 kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600s and with more than than 450 produced.

Then the Embraer Phenom 100 made its maiden flying on 26 July 2007. The ten,500 pounds (four.75 t) MTOW aeroplane is powered past 2 1,600 pounds-force (7.two kN) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW600s. With its Phenom 300 development, nearly 600 have been built.

2010s first flying [edit]

The first flight of the midsize, wing-past-wire, 7,000 lbf (31 kN) Honeywell HTF7000-powered Embraer Legacy 500 was on 27 November 2012. Information technology was followed by the shorter Legacy 450 on 28 December 2013.

New models [edit]

After peaking in 2008, deliveries slowed due to political instability but the manufacture hopes to revive demand past introducing more bonny and competitive new models, iv in 2018:[viii]

  • the seven,400 nmi (xiii,700 km) range Bombardier Global 7500 big-motel jet, earlier the 7,900 nmi (xiv,600 km) Global 8000 in 2019;
  • the 5,200 nmi (9,600 km) large-cabin Gulfstream G500, replacing the Gulfstream G450, and then the longer, 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) G600 eventually superseding the G550;
  • the 3,500 nmi (6,500 km) Cessna Citation Longitude super midsize jet;
  • the superlight Pilatus PC-24.

In Oct 2018, consultant Jetcraft expected 20 variants or new designs to enter service before 2023 (seven large, 7 midsize and six small): in 2019 the Global 5500/6500, Gulfstream G600, Citation XLS++ and a CitationJet CJ4+/, while the Embraer Praetor 500/600 to be introduced in 2019 were predicted for 2021/2022; in 2020 a Gulfstream G750; in 2021 the Dassault Falcon 6X, Learjet 70XR/75XR and Global 7500XR; in 2022 the Bombardier Challenger 350XRS; in 2023 the Citation Hemisphere, an Embraer Legacy 700, Phenom 100V+, Dassault Falcon 9X, Bombardier Challenger 750 and Gulfstream G400NG; in 2025 a Commendation Mustang 2+.[9]

Configuration [edit]

Near product business jets use two jet engines as a compromise between the operating economy of fewer engines and the ability to safely keep flight after an engine failure. Exceptions include the early Lockheed Jetstar with 4 engines; the Dassault Falcon 50 and derivatives with three; and the Cirrus Vision SF50 with one, a configuration also used in several like very light jet pattern concepts. Most business jets use podded engines mounted on the rear fuselage with a cruciform tail or T-tail to reduce interference drag and increment exhaust clearance. Practical limits on the basis clearance of these smaller aircraft have prompted designers to avoid the common jetliner configuration of a depression wing with underslung podded engines. The sole business jet to utilise this layout, the early McDonnell 119, was rejected by the USAF due to foreign object damage concerns, leading to the failure of the programme.[10] The recent HondaJet uses wing-mounted engines simply mitigates this problem with its unique over-the-fly engine pods.

Every bit with jetliners, swept wings are oft used to increase cruise speed, only straight wings are also commonplace; notably, Cessna deliberately prioritized docile low-speed treatment in choosing straight wings for many models in its pop Citation family, envisioning that owners transitioning from slower piston engined or turboprop aircraft would want to maintain the ability to utilize relatively short runways, and that lower approach speeds would ease single-pilot operations, particularly by relatively inexperienced owner-pilots.[11]

Rolls-Royce plc powers over 3,000 business organisation jets, 42% of the fleet:[12] all the Gulfstreams and Bombardier Globals, the Cessna Citation Ten and Embraer Legacy 600, early on Hawkers, and many small jets with the Williams-Rolls FJ44.[13]

Marketplace [edit]

Fleet [edit]

About 70% of the fleet was in North America at the finish of 2011, the European marketplace is the next largest, with growing activity in the Heart East, Asia, and Central America.[xiv]

On 1 April 2017, at that place were 22,368 business jets in the worldwide fleet, of which 11.2% were for auction.[fifteen]

By Oct 2018, the unabridged private jet fleet was dominated by Textron (Beechcraft, Cessna and Hawker branded shipping) with 43.9%, and so Bombardier with 22.4%, Gulfstream with xiii.0%, Dassault with nine.6% and Embraer with 5.viii%, more often than not in North America (64.vi%), followed past Europe (thirteen.0%) South America (12.1%) and Asia-Pacific (5.ix%).[16]

As on March 31, 2019 there are 22,125 business organisation jets in the worldwide fleet and top 20 country markets business relationship for 89% of this total fleet.[17]

Market shares [edit]

In 2015 the full airplane billing amounted to US$21.9 billion, and 718 business jets were delivered to customers across the globe: 199 (27.vii%) by Bombardier Aerospace, 166 (23.1%) by Textron Aviation, 154 (21.4%) by Gulfstream Aerospace, 120 (sixteen.seven%) by Embraer and 55 (seven.seven%) past Dassault Aviation.[xviii]

In 2017, 676 concern jets were shipped, led past Gulfstream with $half dozen.56 billion for 120 aircraft, Bombardier with $v.2 billion for 140, Textron with $2.87 billion (including propeller aircraft and 180 jets), Dassault with $two.42 billion for 49 and Embraer with $1.35 billion for 109.[19]

Worldwide marketplace[18]
Year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Planes 278 300 316 438 515 667 752 784 676 518 592 750 887 1137 1317 874 767 696 672 718 722 718
Value ($B) 2.92 3.35 3.88 6.02 x.nineteen vii.22 11.66 12.12 10.43 viii.62 10.40 13.sixteen 16.56 19.35 21.95 17.44 18.00 17.26 17.11 21.06 22.02 21.87
Average ($M) ten.five 11.2 12.3 xiii.7 14 xv.3 15.v xv.5 xv.4 16.6 17.six 17.v 18.7 17 16.7 20 23.5 24.viii 25.5 29.3 thirty.5 xxx.v

Second hand [edit]

The residual value level for a five-yr quondam shipping is at 56% of the list toll.[20] A new business aircraft typically depreciates by l% in 5 years before depreciation flattens between years 10 and fifteen, and the owner of a 15-to-20 year sometime aircraft is often the last, matching luxury cars.[21]

Business concern jets have varying value retention, between the leading Embraer Phenom 300E, sold for $9.45 million in 2018 and expected to retain 68% of its value 15 years afterward for $6.46 million in 2033, and the abaft $24.5 one thousand thousand Gulfstream G280, predicted to retain 42% of its value for $x.25 1000000.[22]

Forecasts [edit]

In October 2017 Jetcraft forecast eight,349 unit of measurement deliveries in the next decade for $252 billion, a 30.2 $G boilerplate. Cessna should lead the numbers with 27.3% of the deliveries ahead of Bombardier with xx.9%, while Gulfstream would near lead the revenue market share with 27.eight% trailing Bombardier with 29.ii%.[20] For 2016–2025, Jetcraft forecast Pratt & Whitney Canada should exist the showtime engine supplier with 30% of the $24B revenue, in forepart of the electric current leader Rolls-Royce at 25%. Honeywell will agree 45% of the $16B in avionics acquirement ahead of Rockwell Collins with 37% and Garmin.[23]

For 2019–2028, Honeywell predicts 7,700 shipping to be delivered for $251 billion. Its breakup is 62% large (87% in value) – super-midsize to business liner, x% midsize (seven% in value) – light-medium to medium, and 28% minor (vi% in value). The global demand is expected to come from North America for 61%, sixteen% from Europe, 12% from Latin America, 7% from Asia-Pacific and four% from Heart E and Africa.[24]

For the next decade, Aviation Week predicts eight,683 business organisation jets and ii,877 turboprops deliveries, from 792 jets in 2019 to 917 in 2028, and more often than not in North America with v,986 jets and 2,024 turboprops worth $126.ane billion. Nearly value will come from ultra-long-range jets with $104.vii billion, followed by super-midsize jets for $33.3 billion and large jets for $thirty.half dozen billion. The fleet was predicted to grow from 31,300 aircraft to nearly 35,600 with Textron leading the market with 25% of deliveries worth $32.1 billion.[25] For the decade starting in 2018, 22,190 engine deliveries were forecast (including several turboprop engine models), led by the Honeywell HTF7000, Williams FJ44 and Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300. The average utilization was forecast to be 365 flight hours per aircraft per year.[26]

Engines [edit]

Pratt & Whitney Canada PW815

Built by Pratt & Whitney Canada, variants of the 4,700–eight,000 lbf (21–36 kN) PW300 power the Dassault Falcon 7X and Dassault Falcon 8X trijets and Dassault Falcon 2000 twinjet. The ten,000–xx,000 lbf (45–89 kN) PW800 was launched in 2008 simply was selected for the Cessna Citation Columbus, cancelled a yr after. It was then chosen for the Gulfstream G500/G600 launched in 2014 and due to enter service in 2018/2019, and picked in 2018 for the Dassault Falcon 6X 2021 first flight. The 12,000 lbf (53 kN) Safran Silvercrest was rejected for the cancelled Falcon 5X, information technology is even so selected for the Cessna Citation Hemisphere, but the shipping development is suspended until the turbofan is perfected. GE Aviation produces the x,000–twenty,000 lbf (44–89 kN) Passport for the Bombardier Global 7500, due to enter service in 2018, and is developing an engine for the supersonic Aerion AS2.[27]

Rolls-Royce plc was revealed as the engine supplier for the Global 5500/6500 with the Rolls-Royce Pearl xv, an improved BR710 resembling the Gulfstream G650's BR725. The AE3007C powered Cessna Commendation 10+ is virtually its production cease. The Honeywell HTF7700L replaced the Silvercrest for the Citation Longitude, due to enter service in 2018, and already powers the Bombardier Challenger 300/350, Gulfstream G280 and Embraer Legacy 450/500. Its 3,500–5,000 lbf (16–22 kN) TFE731 powers the Learjet 70/75 and Dassault Falcon 900LX. Williams International's FJ44 powers the Pilatus PC-24, launched in 2013 and introduced in early 2018, the Nextant 400XTi and the in-development SyberJet SJ30i, likewise as the Cessna Commendation CJ3+/4, while the smaller FJ33 powers the Cirrus Vision SF50 single-engine business organisation jet.[27]

Operators [edit]

There are iii basic types of operators that own, manage and operate private jets.[ citation needed ]

Flying departments [edit]

Flight departments are corporate-owned operators that manage the aircraft of a specific visitor. Ford Motor Company, Chrysler, and Altria are examples of companies that own, maintain and operate their own fleet of private shipping for their employees. Flight departments handle all aspects of shipping operation and maintenance. In the Usa, flight-department aircraft operate under FAR 91 operating rules.

A 2010 study by the United States National Business Aviation Association found that small-scale and midsize companies that use individual jets produce a 219% higher earnings growth charge per unit than those that strictly use airlines.[28]

Lease companies [edit]

Charter operators own or manage individual jets for multiple clients. Like traditional flight departments, charter companies handle all aspects of aircraft operation and maintenance. However, they are non aligned with just one corporation. They manage shipping for a private owner or corporation and too handle the sales of available flight fourth dimension on the shipping they own or manage. Maintenance services tin can too exist provided.

In the United States, business shipping may be operated under either FAR 91 every bit private operations for the business purposes of the owner, or under FAR 135 of the Federal Aviation Regulations as commercial operations for the business purposes of a third party. 1 common arrangement for operational flexibility purposes is for the aircraft's owner to operate the aircraft under FAR 91 when needed for its own purposes, and to let a third-party charter-manager to operate it under FAR 135 when the shipping is needed for the business organization purposes of third parties (such as for other entities within the corporate grouping of the aircraft'due south owner).[29]

Aircraft lease brokers have entered the market through the ease of setting upward a website and business online. Aircraft charter operators are legally responsible for the condom operation of aircraft and charter brokers require no economical potency and are largely unregulated. The Department of Transportation requires that air charter brokers disembalm to the consumer that they do non operate aircraft and cannot use terms similar "our fleet of aircraft", "we operate", "our charter service" and others.[30]

Partial ownership [edit]

Since 1996 the term "fractional jet" has been used in connectedness with business aircraft owned by a consortium of companies. Under such arrangements, overhead costs such as flying coiffure, hangarage and maintenance are separate among the users.

Partial buying of aircraft involves an individual or corporation that pays an upfront equity share for the cost of an aircraft. If four parties are involved, a partner would pay one-fourth of the aircraft toll (a "quarter share"). That partner is now an equity owner in that aircraft and can sell the equity position if necessary. This besides entitles the new owner to a sure number of hours of flight fourth dimension on that aircraft, or any comparable aircraft in the fleet. Boosted fees include monthly management fees and incidentals such equally catering and ground transportation. In the Usa, fractional-ownership operations may be regulated by either FAA part 91 or part 135.[31]

Other Operation Models [edit]

Other operation models used by private jet hire companies include buying blocks of fourth dimension in predetermined increments, pay as you fly and paying a flat rate for unlimited usage and access.[32] [ cocky-published source? ]

Buying blocks of time in predetermined increments involves buying blocks of time in hours. This model usually depends on how many flight hours a client will be needing. Pay every bit you fly resembles the business model used by commercial airlines where a client only pays for a flying they apply. The downside to this model is that clients find it hard to secure flights because most private flights are ordinarily booked in advance.[ citation needed ]

Paying a flat rate for unlimited usage every bit the name implies, uses a business organisation model where clients pay a flat rate, then the jet is made available to them for the duration that payment lasts. This model makes it possible for a customer to pay a certain corporeality for unlimited admission and usage to a jet, or a armada of jets for the duration. This model has been discontinued by near individual jet rent companies considering clients accept exploited the usage in the by. This model now employs a fair usage policy.[ citation needed ]

Surveillance [edit]

With smaller equipment, long-range business aircraft tin be modified as surveillance aircraft to perform specialized missions toll-effectively, from basis surveillance to maritime patrol:[33]

  • the 99,500 lb (45,100 kg), 6,000 nmi Bombardier Global 6000 is the platform for the USAF Northrop Grumman East-11A Battlefield Airborne Communications Node, the radar-carrying ground-surveillance Raytheon Sentinel for the Uk Purple Air Force, and Saab'due south GlobalEye AEW&C carrying its Erieye AESA radar equally United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's Marshall ADG footing for Elint/Sigint for the United Arab Emirates; information technology is likewise the base for the proposed Saab AB Swordfish MPA and the USAF Lockheed Martin J-Stars Recap battlefield-surveillance programme, while IAI's ELI-3360 MPA is based on the Global 5000;
  • The 91,000 lb (41,000 kg), 6,750 nmi Gulfstream G550 was selected for the IAI EL/W-2085 Conformal Airborne Early Warning AESA radar for Italy, Singapore and State of israel (which also has IAI Sigint G550s) while L3 Technologies transfers the U.Southward. Compass Phone call electronic-attack system to the G550 CAEW-based EC-37B, similar the NC-37B range-support aircraft, and will modify others for Australia'due south AISREW program, Northrop Grumman proposes the G550 for the J-Stars Recap;
  • Dassault Aviation developed the Falcon 900 MPA and Falcon 2000 Maritime Multirole Shipping for French republic (which delayed its Avsimar requirement), South Korea and the Japan Coast Baby-sit with a mission system developed with L3 and Thales Group;
  • Embraer delivered several EMB-145s as a platform for AEW&C, MPA and multi-intelligence;

Classes [edit]

Business jets can be categorized according to their size.

Very light jets [edit]

The very calorie-free jet (VLJ) is a classification initiated by the release of the Eclipse 500,[34] [35] [36] on 31 Dec 2006, which was originally available at around US$i.5 million, cheaper than existing business concern jets and comparable with turboprop aircraft. Its introduction coincided with a speculative bubble for air taxi services, exemplified by DayJet, which ceased operations on September 2008. Eclipse Aviation failed to sustain its business organisation model and filed for bankruptcy in February 2009.

A 10,010 lb (four,540 kg) MTOW limit was cited by engineering company Burns & McDonnell in 2005,[37] Popular Mechanics in 2007,[38] or GlobalSecurity.org.[39]

Cessna simultaneously developed the Citation Mustang,[40] [34] [35] a vi-identify twinjet (2 crew + 4 passengers), followed by the Embraer Phenom 100[forty] [34] [35] [36] and the Honda Jet.[34] [36] Some VLJs such as the Eclipse and Mustang have no or limited lavatory facilities.[41] They have a maximum takeoff weight lighter than the FAR Role 23 12,500 pounds limit, and are approved for unmarried-pilot operation. They typically conform 6–7 passengers over a 1174 nmi boilerplate range, with a $4.4M hateful price.

Very calorie-free jets, iv pax mission[42]
Model Pax Length Span int. L int. West Engines Thrust MTOW Range Prowl Fuel/nmi
Cirrus SF50 G2 4–vi 30.9 ft 38.three ft ix.viii ft v.1 ft 1 FJ33 1846 lbf half dozen,000 lb 622 nmi 233 kn ane.51 lb
Phenom 100EV 5–7 42.1 ft 40.four ft 11.0 ft 5.i ft two PW617 3460 lbf 10,703 lb 1,092 nmi 340 kn 1.87 lb
Citation M2 7 42.6 ft 47.3 ft xi.0 ft 4.8 ft ii FJ44 3930 lbf 10,700 lb one,183 nmi 370 kn 1.99 lb
HondaJet Elite five–vi 42.6 ft 39.8 ft 12.1 ft five.0 ft two HF120 4100 lbf ten,700 lb 1,171 nmi 342 kn 1.75 lb

Light jets [edit]

Light jets have been a staple of the business jet manufacture since the appearance of the Learjet 23 in the early 1960s. They provide access to pocket-size airports and the speed to exist an effective air travel tool. Shipping of this class include:

  • Beechcraft Premier[40] [34] [35] [43]
  • Cessna CitationJet/CJ1/ii/3[forty] [34] [35] [43] [44] [45]
  • Cessna Citation II/Bravo/Ultra/Encore[forty] [34] [35] [44] [45] [46]
  • Hawker 400[forty] [34] [35] [44] [45]
  • Learjet 31[34] [35] [44]
  • Learjet 40[40] [34] [43] [44] [45]
  • Embraer Phenom 300[forty] [43] [45] [46]

They typically suit vi–8 passengers over a 1953 nmi average range, with a $9.6M mean price.[42]

Light Jets, iv pax mission[42]
Model Pax Length Span int. 50 int. W Engines Thrust MTOW Range Cruise Fuel/nmi
SyberJet SJ30i 5–6 46.8 ft 42.3 ft 12.5 ft four.viii ft two FJ44 4600 lbf 13,950 lb 2,205 nmi 408 kn 1.68 lb
Citation CJ3+ 8–nine 51.ii ft 53.3 ft 15.7 ft four.8 ft 2 FJ44 5640 lbf thirteen,870 lb 1,825 nmi 376 kn ii.06 lb
Phenom 300E[47] 7–10 51.2 ft 52.ii ft 17.ii ft 5.ane ft ii PW535E1 6956 lbf eighteen,387 lb 1,936 nmi 411 kn two.33 lb
Nextant 400XTi 7–9 48.four ft 43.5 ft 15.5 ft 4.ix ft two FJ44 6104 lbf sixteen,300 lb 1,801 nmi 406 kn 2.06 lb
Citation CJ4 viii–ix 53.3 ft l.8 ft 17.3 ft 4.8 ft ii FJ44 7242 lbf 17,110 lb i,927 nmi 416 kn 2.55 lb
Pilatus PC-24 8–11 55.2 ft 55.viii ft 23.0 ft 5.6 ft 2 FJ44-4A 6840 lbf 17,650 lb 2,035 nmi 367 kn 2.42 lb
Learjet seventy 6–vii 56.0 ft 50.9 ft 17.7 ft 5.1 ft 2 TFE731 7700 lbf 21,500 lb two,045 nmi 426 kn 2.48 lb

Mid-size jets [edit]

These shipping are suitable for longer-range travel such as transcontinental flights and for travel with larger passenger capacity requirements. Shipping of this class include:

  • Citation Excel/XLS(+),[twoscore] [35] [44]
  • Hawker 800/750/850/900/1000,[40] [34] [35] [44] [45] [46] [48]
  • Learjet 45[40] [35] [44]
  • Learjet 60.[40] [34] [35] [44] [45] [48]

They typically accommodate 9 passengers over a 2540 nmi average range, with a $15.7M mean toll.

Mid-size jets, 4 pax mission[42]
Model Pax Length Span int. L int. Due west Engines Thrust MTOW Range Prowl Fuel/nmi
Commendation XLS+ 9–12 52.5 ft 56.3 ft 18.v ft five.7 ft ii PW545 8238 lbf twenty,200 lb 1,841 nmi 398 kn two.98 lb
Learjet 75 8–nine 58.0 ft l.ix ft 19.8 ft v.i ft ii TFE731 7700 lbf 21,500 lb two,026 nmi 427 kn ii.50 lb
Legacy 450 7–9 64.7 ft 66.five ft 20.6 ft 6.8 ft 2 HTF7000 13080 lbf 35,759 lb ii,904 nmi 431 kn 3.54 lb
Praetor 500 7–9 64.7 ft 66.5 ft 20.6 ft six.8 ft 2 HTF7000 13080 lbf three,250 nmi
Citation Breadth 9 62.3 ft 72.3 ft 21.viii ft 6.iv ft 2 PW300 11814 lbf 30,800 lb ii,678 nmi 401 kn 3.58 lb

Super mid-size jets [edit]

Super mid-size jets feature wide-trunk cabin space, high-altitude adequacy, speed, and long range. These jets combine transatlantic capability with the speed and comfort of a wide-body, high-distance aircraft. Aircraft of this class include:

  • Bombardier Challenger 300/350[xl] [34] [35] [44] [46] [49]
  • Cessna Citation Sovereign[40] [34] [35]
  • Cessna Citation Ten[40] [34] [35] [44] [46] [49]
  • Dassault Falcon fifty[34] [35] [44] [49]
  • Gulfstream G200/G250[forty] [34] [35] [46] [fifty] [49]
  • Hawker 4000[34] [50] [49]

They typically accommodate 10–xi passengers over a 3420 nmi boilerplate range, with a $22.2M mean price:

Super mid-size jets, 4 pax mission[42]
Model Pax Length Span int. L int. W Engines Thrust MTOW Range Cruise Fuel/nm
Citation Sovereign+ 9–12 63.5 ft 72.3 ft 25.3 ft 5.7 ft 2 PW300 11814 lbf 30,775 lb 3,069 nmi 402 kn iii.15 lb
Legacy 500 8–12 68.1 ft 66.4 ft 24.6 ft 6.8 ft 2 HTF7000 14072 lbf 38,360 lb 3,125 nmi 433 kn 3.59 lb
Praetor 600 viii–12 68.1 ft 66.4 ft 24.half dozen ft six.8 ft 2 HTF7000 15056 lbf 42,857 lb 4,018 nmi 423 kn 3.58 lb
Gulfstream G280 10–19 66.eight ft 63.0 ft 25.viii ft 7.2 ft two HTF7000 15248 lbf 39,600 lb 3,646 nmi 451 kn iii.50 lb
Challenger 350 9-11 68.vii ft 69.0 ft 25.2 ft 7.2 ft 2 HTF7000 14646 lbf 40,600 lb three,250 nmi 448 kn 3.76 lb

Large jets [edit]

  • Bombardier Challenger 600[twoscore] [34] [45]
  • Dassault Falcon 2000(ER)[xl] [34] [45]
  • Dassault Falcon 900[34] [35] [44] [45]
  • Embraer Legacy 600/650[xl] [34] [45]

They typically accommodate 13–14 passengers over a 4001 nmi average range, with a $33.8M mean price.

Large Jets, 4 pax mission[42]
Model Pax Length Span int. 50 int. W Engines Thrust MTOW Range Cruise Fuel/nmi
Embraer Legacy 650E 13–19 86.four ft 69.5 ft 42.4 ft vi.9 ft 2 AE3007 18040 lbf 53,572 lb iii,919 nmi 415 kn 4.lxx lb
Commendation Longitude 8–12 73.two ft 68.9 ft 25.2 ft half-dozen.4 ft 2 HTF7700 15200 lbf 39,500 lb 3,500 nmi 454 kn three.65 lb
Falcon 2000S/EX ten–xix 66.3 ft lxx.ii ft 26.ii ft 7.seven ft 2 PW300 14000 lbf 41,000 lb 3,540 nmi 430 kn 3.60 lb
Challenger 650 12–19 68.iv ft 64.three ft 25.6 ft vii.9 ft 2 CF34 18440 lbf 48,200 lb 4,011 nmi 419 kn 4.48 lb
Falcon 2000LXS/EX eight–19 66.three ft 70.2 ft 26.2 ft seven.7 ft 2 PW300 14000 lbf 42,800 lb 4,065 nmi 430 kn 3.64 lb
Falcon 900LX/EX 12–xix 66.3 ft seventy.two ft 33.2 ft 7.7 ft iii TFE731 15000 lbf 49,000 lb four,650 nmi 420 kn 4.07 lb
Gulfstream 500 13–19 91.two ft 86.three ft 41.five ft vii.6 ft two PW814 30288 lbf 79,600 lb 5,292 nmi 480 kn 5.18 lb

Long range jets [edit]

  • Dassault Falcon 7X[twoscore] [34] [45]
  • Bombardier Global Express/5000/6000[twoscore] [34] [45]
  • Gulfstream IV/G350/G450[40] [34]
  • Gulfstream V/G500/G550[40] [34] [45]
  • Gulfstream G650(ER)[40] [51]

They typically conform 12–xix passengers over a 6498 nmi average range, with a $61.2M hateful price.

At 102 in (259 cm), the G650ER has the widest cabin yet just should be joined by the Falcon 5X (a Global 5000/G500 competitor) and its replacement, and the 4,500 nmi (8,300 km) Citation Hemisphere in 2021; at 98 in (249 cm), the Global 7000/8000 is wider than the 95 in (241 cm) Global 5000/6000, the same as the Gulfstream G500/G600 and the Canadair Challenger, while the Dassault Falcon 8X is 92 in (234 cm) wide and the G450/G550 88 in (224 cm).[eight]

Long Range Jets, 8 pax mission[42]
Model Pax Length Span int. L int. Due west Engines Thrust MTOW Range Prowl Fuel/nmi
Global 5000 xiii–19 96.8 ft 94.0 ft 40.7 ft seven.9 ft 2 BR710 29500 lbf 92,500 lb 5,475 nmi[a] 463 kn half dozen.52 lb
Falcon 7X 12–19 76.1 ft 86.0 ft 39.one ft 7.7 ft iii PW300 19206 lbf 70,000 lb 5,760 nmi[a] 454 kn 5.xiii lb
Gulfstream G600 16–xix 96.1 ft 94.1 ft 45.2 ft seven.6 ft two PW815 31360 lbf 94,600 lb 6,518 nmi 481 kn v.97 lb
Falcon 8X 12–19 eighty.3 ft 86.3 ft 42.seven ft 7.seven ft 3 PW300 20166 lbf 73,000 lb 6,235 nmi 453 kn 5.17 lb
Gulfstream G550 xvi–xix 96.4 ft 93.5 ft 42.vi ft 7.iii ft ii BR710 30770 lbf 91,000 lb 6,708 nmi 453 kn 5.seventy lb
Global 6000 13–19 99.4 ft 94.0 ft 43.3 ft 7.9 ft 2 BR710 29500 lbf 99,500 lb 6,124 nmi 464 kn half dozen.77 lb
Gulfstream G650ER 16–xix 99.8 ft 99.6 ft 46.8 ft viii.2 ft 2 BR725 33800 lbf 103,600 lb 7,437 nmi 482 kn 6.07 lb
Global 7500 17–19 111 ft 104 ft 54.4 ft eight.0 ft 2 GE Passport 37840 lbf 114,850 lb seven,725 nmi 475 kn half dozen.28 lb

VIP airliners [edit]

Business concern airliner tin can exist contracted as bizliner.[52] Airliners converted into business jets are used past sports teams or VIPs with a big entourage or press corps. Such airplanes tin can face operational restrictions based on runway length or local dissonance restrictions. They can be the most expensive type of private jet every bit they provide the greatest space and capabilities.

Aircraft of this course include:

  • Airbus Corporate Jets[40] [34] [35] [45]
  • Boeing Business Jet[40] [34] [35] [45]
  • Embraer Lineage chiliad[40] [34]
VIP Airliners, 8 pax mission[53]
Model Pax Length Span int. L int. W Engines Thrust MTOW Range Cruise Fuel/nmi
Lineage 1000E 13–nineteen 118.nine ft 94.two ft 84.three ft 8.8 ft 2 CF34 37000 lb 120,152 lb four,602 nmi[a] 446 kn 9.61 lb
BBJ MAX-seven 19-172 116.7 ft 117.8 ft 85.5 ft 11.6 ft 2 CFM LEAP 58600 lb 177,000 lb 7,000 nmi
BBJ MAX-eight xix-189 129.seven ft 117.8 ft 98.5 ft 11.vi ft 2 CFM Spring 58600 lb 181,200 lb 6,640 nmi
ACJ319 19-156 111.0 ft 111.8 ft 78.0 ft 12.2 ft 2 CFM56 54000 lb 168,650 lb vi,002 nmi 442 kn ten.92 lb
BBJ MAX-9 19–220 138.3 ft 117.8 ft 107.two ft 11.half-dozen ft two CFM LEAP 58600 lb 194,700 lb half-dozen,515 nmi

See as well [edit]

  • Very light jet
  • Air transports of heads of state and government
  • Supersonic business jet

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c iv pax

References [edit]

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  3. ^ a b Peter, Garrison (September 1987). "Infant BIZJET BOOM: The nascency of the light jet". Flying. pp. 124–126.
  4. ^ "Off-The-Shelf Jets". Flight. May 1959. pp. 26–27, 79.
  5. ^ Francillon, René (1990). McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920. Vol. Ii. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Plant Press. pp. 241–243. ISBN1-55750-550-0.
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  10. ^ Francillon, René (1990). McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920. Vol. 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 241–242. ISBN1-55750-550-0.
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  31. ^ "The Rules of the Game". Business Jet Traveler. Business Jet Traveler. nineteen January 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  32. ^ "13 Top Private Jet Companies For Individual Jet Rent in 2020". AtlanticRide.com. 28 May 2019.
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Farther reading [edit]

  • "Guide to concern aircraft". Flight International. nineteen September 1974.
  • "Concern Jet Aircraft Industry: Structure and Factors Affecting Competitiveness" (PDF). United states of america International Trade Commission. April 2012.
  • "Hourly operating costs of 45 jets compared". Shipping Owners and Pilots Association. 16 November 2015.
  • Marker Huber (December 2018). "For many models, market hitting the apex" (PDF). Aviation International News. pp. 20–21, 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 Dec 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_jet

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